Which type of commitment is closely associated with the concept of 'utang na loob'?

The concept of 'utang na loob,' which is a Filipino term that translates to "debt of gratitude," is deeply rooted in the social and cultural understanding of interpersonal relationships and obligations. It refers to the sense of indebtedness one feels towards a person who has provided a significant favor or support. This notion is closely aligned with normative commitment, which refers to the emotional attachment and sense of responsibility one feels towards a group or individual based on perceived obligations.

Normative commitment is characterized by a feeling of loyalty, and a desire to meet expectations, often influenced by cultural values and social norms, making 'utang na loob' a prime example. This type of commitment encourages individuals to continue supporting or remaining loyal to those who have helped them or contributed positively to their lives, thereby reinforcing the bonds of community and familial ties.

In contrast, the other types of commitment do not embody the same sense of moral obligation that underpins 'utang na loob.' Affiliation commitment relates more to the desire for belonging and connection, continuance commitment focuses on the costs associated with leaving or the lack of alternatives available, and transactional commitment emphasizes exchanges based on mutual benefits rather than emotional indebtedness. Therefore, normative commitment is indeed the best match for the concept, as it captures the