Which of the following describes the formal operational stage in Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

The formal operational stage is characterized by the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that enable individuals, typically those aged 12 and older, to think abstractly and engage in logical reasoning. At this stage, children can move beyond concrete experiences and begin to conceptualize hypothetical situations, understand complex relationships, and employ deductive reasoning. They can form and test hypotheses in a manner that is systematic and organized, which is a significant cognitive leap from earlier stages.

This stage allows for critical thinking, problem-solving involving abstract concepts, and the ability to consider multiple perspectives and possibilities. For example, a teenager in the formal operational stage can discuss ideas about justice or democracy, whereas a younger child may only understand these concepts in more concrete terms.

Other options presented describe characteristics of different developmental stages or aspects of cognitive and emotional growth that are not specific to formal operations. While symbolic manipulation occurs in earlier stages, egocentrism is primarily associated with the preoperational stage, and emotional changes and identity formation are more relevant during adolescence but not unique to cognitive development as per Piaget’s framework.